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:2


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Blood









I). Functions



A). Distribution
B). Regulation
C). Protection
















II). Components



A). Plasma



1). 90% water
2). 2% 100’s of solute.
3). 8% Plasma proteins

B). Formed elements:

all formed elements originate with the stem cell
















1). Erythrocytes:

2). Leukocytes

a). Granulocytes i). Neutrophils ii). Eosinophils iii). Basophils b). Agranulocytes i). Lymphocytes ii). Monocytes

3). Platelets



III). Erythrocytes













A). Function


Respiratory gas transport



i). great affinity
ii). a large surface area
iii). not use the oxygen
iv). small size


B). Structure
















1). Biconcave
2). No nucleus
3). Few organelles
4). Small
5). hemoglobin molecules

C). Hemoglobin proteins















4 polypeptide chains & 4-heme
pigment that contain iron



O2
binding



Hb O2
<----------> HbO2


D). Production of
Erythrocytes: Erythropoiesis




















1). Hemocytoblast
stem cell
2).Stem cell becomes committed
3). Early erythroblasts have ribosomes

4). Erythroblasts accumulate iron and hemoglobin
5). Normoblasts eject organelles
6). Released as erythrocyte


E). Controls of RBC concentration



1). Hormonal


i). Erythropoietin released
by the kidneys
ii). Testosterone enhances
erythropoietin


2). Erythrocyte destruction




i). Macrophages engulf old RBCs
ii). Iron is salvaged
iii). Heme degrades into bilirubin





SUMMARY of Development and
Destruction Erythrocytes



Low O2



↓

Kidney releases erythropoietin


↓

erythropoiesis in the red
bone marrow

↓

RBCs are
released

↓

Old, damaged RBCs engulfed by macrophages




Remaining heme
Iron recycled



↓


Become bilirubin


↓


Goes to the liver

↓

Bilirubin secreted in
bile


↓



Bile enters the intestine



↓



Converts to urobilinogen



↓


Excreted in feces

F). ABO Blood Types




1).
Antigens & Antibodies





Red blood cells have proteins called
antigens on
the membranes




These can be A or B (or Rh)
or all 3 or none of them.




If there are no A/B
antigens the type is O.




If there are no Rh antigens
it is Rh-.





Another set of proteins
in the plasma
are called
antibodies or
agglutinogens
[center]


An individual
does not contain antibodies to the
antigens on their red blood cells.








i.e. A person with
an A antigen
would not
have an A
antibody


(anti-A)
in their plasma because it would clump their red
blood cells.





They would however
have an antibody to antigens that are not
normally present
(anti-B)




يتبع...

2). Typing





Type O does
not react to
anti A or anti B




Type A reacts to
Anti A but not Anti
B




Type B reacts to
Anti B but not Anti
A




Type AB reacts to
both Anti A & B









Rh reacts to Anti Rh.





Rh- does not react Anti Rh.









Summary of Blood Types

Genetics	Blood Type	Antigen on RBC	Antibody present	Reacts to Serum:
O, O	O	none	Both Anti A and Anti B	Neither Anti A or Anti B
A,A or A,O	A	A	Anti B	Anti A but not Anti B
B, B or B, O	B	B	[size=202]Anti A[/size]	Anti B but not Anti A
A, B	AB	AB	Neither Anti A or Anti B	Both Anti A and Anti B

Rh , Rh or Rh Rh	Rh	Rh	none	Anti Rh
Rh-., Rh-	Rh-	none	None unless exposed to Rh antigens	No reaction to anti Rh

Percentage of the Population With Each
Blood Type

	Rh	Rh-
O	38.5%	6.5%
A	34.3%	5.7%
B	8.6%	1.4%
AB	4.3%	0.7%

3). Transfusions


ABO blood types
cannot receive any
blood that contains antigens
that will clump in the
presence of their natural
antibodies.





O-
cannot take blood from A -, B -, or AB -.




Because they have
anti-A, anti-B and Anti-Rh




They can only take O-.











Universal donor has no antigens:
O-




Universal acceptor has no antibodies:
AB










4). Genetics:

i). O is recessive to A & B
ii). A and B are codominant
iii). Rh is dominant over Rh-



4). [b]Rh factor in pregnancies



The Rh- mother will produce anti-Rh antibodies.
Causing hemolytic disease of the
newborn this can lead to brain damage, mental retardation, and even death.

B). [b]Granulocytes:]

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